Cigarette Smoking and the Healthcare System in France Essay

Introduction Cigarette smoking represents a huge burden for healthcare systems in any country. Ms Kristina Mauer-Stender, Program Manager for Tobacco Control in WHO Regional Office for Europe stated that tobacco use is not a choice: â€Å"It is a powerful addiction. The true choice is between tobacco and health†. Facts about tobacco use: †¢ Tobacco kills up to half of its users †¢ Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year †¢ The annual death toll could rise to more than eight million by 2030 (World Health Organization, 2013). Countries are at different stages in controlling and addressing tobacco use. This is related significantly to their political and socioeconomic conditions. Poorer and developing countries have far less government†¦show more content†¦When will the effects of government regulations be seen in the outcomes? Overview The history of France and the solidarity theme molded the socialistic appearance of French healthcare. When compare to the United States, the French value individual rights yet are caught in the tension between those rights and social equality (Dutton, 2012). They also focus on the care of the poor and the chronically ill. French people with a diagnosis from one of thirty chronic diseases are exempt from insurance copayments (Fried and Gaydos 2012). There is a high rate of smoking in France, which does not seem to be decreasing. In fact, the smoking rate has increased since the law restricting smoking in public places. Perhaps the reason for this increase, or lack of response, is related to the French government’s lack of involvement with personal choice (Fried and Gaydos 2012). Statistics indicate 32% of men and 26% of women smoke daily (World Health Organization, 2013). The French people value individual liberty and equality, but they do not consider themselves socialists. They value having choices and exerting their freedom just as Americans do. France and the United States responded to historical economic disasters in a similar way and became society-focused in times of great suffering; the depression era and post World War II. Many governmental support programs emerged and for France, there was a great push for compulsory healthShow MoreRelatedArgument On The Tobacco Advertising944 Words   |  4 Pagesintervene in the overall interest of the citizens. They also cited the example of drugs like cocaine, which was, banned in the world over. Most of the people that support the ban believe that so far it as happened in some international countries like France, Finland and Norway, it is constitutional to ban the product from advertising. In fact, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million deaths in 1998. ItRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India864 Words   |  4 Pagesdeaths in 1990, with the figure rising an estimate of 8.4 million deaths by 2020  · France, Finland and Norway who already imposed the ban, pointed out that the state had the right to intervene in overall interest of its citizens  · They have this fear that tobacco companies were inducing children and young people top begin experimenting with tobacco products and in this way initiates regular smoking, key to tobacco companies to flourish  · Given India’s significant contributionRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Smoking During Pregnancy1510 Words   |  7 Pagescontribute to either the smoking of the mother during pregnancy, or the decision to abstain from smoking. These factors include many scenarios in which the mother may choose to smoke. 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Decision-Making Essay - 1378 Words

The decision-making process occurs at all levels of management. However, the top executive managers, middle level managers, and front line managers are responsible for guiding the decision making process within their healthcare organizations (Liebler McConnell, 2008,p.148). CEO’s are responsible for guiding the actions and behaviors of their employees to collectively achieve the organization’s goals. The mission and vision statement are the foundation of what direction the healthcare agency is heading. The CEO and top level executives are responsible for developing code of ethics and code of conduct to align with accreditation, licensing, and federal and state laws. Decision-making is a commitment of time, human resources and†¦show more content†¦Top-level executives and key managers are at the helm of the decision-making process with the focal point being selecting the best choice. Selecting the best choices or alternative of choices derive from assess ments, interviews, surveys and audits that evaluates the strategic position of the selected choices. Consequently, the chief executive officer at some point should show how the middle-managers, front-line managers, employees and client fit into the decision-making process. Decision-making concerning staffing and work performance are part of the healthcare mid-level and front-line managers’ job functions. The following scenario will reveal a healthcare manager deciding to use the option of procrastination which is exercising the no-decision option. Liebler and McConnell (2008) argues, â€Å"Whether by conscious act or unconscious act (genuinely forgetting), the effect of the no-decision option is to decide not to decide†¦and often it is the decision of the most potentially serious and far-reaching consequences†(167). The healthcare manager must avoid the no-decision option in this scenario because there is a lack of considering the alternatives in the decision-making process. Also, the healthcare manager allows a platform for negligence and liability in selecting the no- decision option. In the scenario, â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedDecision Making820 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1: Which biases in decision making can be identified in the performances of both Pieterson and Gack? How can the identified biases be overcome? In general, the decision making style for manager approach decision making is toward rational and intuitive thinking. In rational thinking a person consider the problem in a rational, step-by-step and analytical way. 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Decisions made at the strategic, routine, project/non-routine, or operational levels have different impacts (cite) and consequences if not managed properly. This paper will address each of the six areas evaluated, discuss the four levels that decisions are made and show my improvement plan toRead MoreThe Development Of Decision Making1238 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of Decision-Making in Nursing Nursing is a profession that has traditionally attracted individuals who have a desire to help others and have an interest in the health sciences (Ruesink, 2012). 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Can You Write My Dissertation for Me Free Essays

Can you Write My Dissertation for Me Absolutely, but let us share some ideas that will help you get started. Writing a dissertation is a daunting challenge. Many talented and knowledgeable students lack the deftness to write a dissertation. We will write a custom essay sample on Can You Write My Dissertation for Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now This has more to do with the actual task of writing. Academic expertise, research and time constraints are common issues but committed students will overcome these hurdles. Dissertations get rejected for a myriad of reasons. One of the most common reasons is the quality of writing. A dissertation has to be heavy on facts. There is little room for opinions and absolutely no scope for opinions without substantiating evidence. Since a dissertation is more technical in nature, most students are overwhelmed with the facts of the case and hence tend to lose sight of the quality of writing. 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Performance Management in Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the Performance Management in Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction The purpose of the report is to examine and to get an in-depth knowledge of the part played by HR in creating a sustainable organization. In this report functioning of two hospitals is analyzed on the basis of their human resource functions and practices. Both the hospitals possess a diverse set of HR practices and policies which poses a direct impact over the operations of the hospitals in multiple ways (Florea, Cheung and Herndon, 2013). The case study of first hospital shows that there are certain issues prevailing because of the absence of a proper human resource department. On the other hand the second hospital is successful enough because of the fact that it possesses an adequate human resource department. The major part of the report will show that how the HRM of the first hospital can be better and improved. Course of action suggested to the CEO in the 1st hospital for achieving an improved HRM operations N the case study it has been analyzed that the first hospital neither has a dedicated HR department nor a dedicated HR manager. All the responsibilities and functions of the HR department has been taken care up by the middle managers only. For achieving better HRM operations in the hospital there is a need of a proper course of action. For achieving an enhanced and better human resource department a set of actions or activities will be suggested to the CEO of the first hospital. This will help the CEO in taking suitable actions. It is the first step in the course of action suggested to the CEO i.e. the staffing of few HR specialized individuals who can effectively take care of the human resource functions. As all the responsibilities and functions of the HR department has been taken care up by the middle managers only. This has given rise to a number of difficulties and concerns as the middle managers do not have complete awareness of HRM. Hence for achieving better human resource management it is necessary to have proper and expert staff in the human resource department so that they can make the department work appropriately (Marsden, Caffrey and McCaffery, 2013). Introduction and implementation of HR policies The second action suggested to the CEO is the introduction and development of few vibrant and valuable HR practices and policies. The hospital needed some well structured and better policies in the HR department. As presently there is no adequate HR policy which can guide the other staff members and this develops circumstances which spoil the effectual running of the various hospital functioning. Hence it can be suggested that the introduction and implementation of the new and better human resource practices and policies will enhance and advance the functioning of all the other departments (Marler and Fisher, 2013). Untying the knots developed between the HR functions and the middle managers Once the HR experts have been appointed the middle managers must separate themselves from the HR department and the functions associated with the department. A number of difficulties and concerns take place in the hospital as the middle managers do not have complete awareness of HRM which results into inappropriate management of things. It give rise to other concerns too such as because of handling multiple responsibilities the middle managers do not focus upon their core work or department. Hence it is necessary to assign the responsibilities as per the qualifications and knowledge of the individuals. Thus, it is essential that the managers do not get engaged with the working of human resource department anymore (Buyens and Verbrigghe, 2015). Once there has been introduction of certain effective HR practices and policies it is very much essential to make an obligatory application and implementation of those policies. If the policies have only been introduced then it will not work on their own so it is necessary to make them implement in an adequate way. To check the implementation of the policies there must be control channels. There must be strict penalties over the employees who does not implement and follow the practices (Armstrong and Taylor, 2015). Setting up of an open forum for handling the issues of employee There are various issues and concerns from which the employees go through. It is essential to resolve them on primary basis. These issues affect the organization in various negative ways. In a same way the absence of a proper human resource management there are several problems which are prevailing in the hospital. And it is essential to resolve those concerns. It has been suggested to the CEO that he must place an open forum. This will help the employees in having an open discussion with the entire senior management team and with the colleagues. The employees grievances will be resolved on a primary basis as the employees from all the managerial level will involve in the open forum discussion. This will result into les workplace conflicts (Mowbray, Wilkinson and Tse, 2015). Introducing policies for increasing the retention rate The employees of the hospital are leaving on a continuous basis and this is a serious concern which is required to be managed. The employees are not willing to be a part of the hospital which results into increased absenteeism. The issues are the result of the increased employee grievances and inadequate HRM. Hence it is suggested to the CEO that there must be introduce various employee welfare and benefit programmes which can boost the morale of the workers and can motivate them to be the part of the hospital for a longer period of time. There can be given monetary benefits, incentives, growth opportunities and perks for their motivations and to have an increased retention rate of the employees (Salome, et al., 2014). The final action suggested to the CEO is to have regular checks and strict evaluation over the functions and operations of the hospital. It is essential to check whether the employees and the various staff members are working appropriately or not. There are various methods which can be taken use of such as benchmarking, interview or hidden survey etc. these evaluation techniques will support the hospital in analyzing the performance of the workers. It will also assist in identifying the concerns and issues at the primary stage only (Katiyar and Khalid, 2014). Chief features of structuring a sustainable Human Resource capability To have a long term success the one of the necessary element is the sustainable human resource capability. The organizations which possess effective HRM generally have increased retention rate of the employees. There are several advantages of sustainable and competent human resource management such as effective implementation of the HR policies, discipline in the organization, improved staffing and recruitment, increased employee welfare etc. There are several factors which support the attainment of a sustainable and competent HR capability such as development of leadership, various learning and development, health and safety and governance and ethics. The capable and the potential employees of the organization must get opportunities of leadership for achieving a sustainable human resource capability. There is enhanced involvement of the employees with such leadership opportunities and the employees get motivated to work hard for grabbing such growth based opportunities. The safety and health of the workers are also regarded as the aspect of the human resource department in number of organizations. To provide adequate health and safety based facilities is one of the functions of the HR department. Hence it is also one of the chief features in creating a sustainable HR capability. The increased and improved workplace environment and health benefits will enhance the association of the employees with the organization. This will increase the retaining rate which shows the better and improved HRM (Driessen, et al., 2015). There is a robust association between the employee engagement and the sustainable HR capability. The one major challenge in attaining the sustainability aim is that in what manner the employees can be associated with the organization for a longer period of time. If the organization is not able to maintain a long term association with its employees then it will not be able to attain future sustainability. The attrition rate reveals the efficacy of the HR department. Then increased attrition rate shows the inefficiency of the HR department and the decreased attrition rate displays that there is efficient HR practices and policies in the organization (Subramaniam, Selvanayagam and Yogarajah, 2016). Ethics and governance The strong governance and ethics is one most important feature for creating sustainable HR capability. Increased ethicality results into greater development. If there is increase level of ethics in the operations of HR department then the other employees get motivated and work with more dedication. It helps in creating an environment of greater moral sustainability. For making the employees understand the significance of working ethics there can be provided several training programs to the employees on the obligatory application of ethics in the working operations (Van Buren III and Greenwood, 2013). The HR department is responsible for making the employees educate in concerning sustainable development. The improved and valuable training and development sessions results into enhanced performance management. It is one of the chief features in creating HR capability. These trainings will support building of strong association between the employees which will result into increased productivity and retention rate. Conclusion The report provides a clear result of analysis that in creating a sustainable organization HR plays a very important role. It has been concluded that where there are effective HR department there are less issues and grievances as well as those organizations are more successful in nature. Whereas it has been evaluated that there are increased number of workplace issues such as high rate of attrition, absenteeism and conflicts as well as lesser chances for growth in the organizations where there is absence of an appropriate HR department and an effective HR manager. Thus it can be clearly state that for attaining higher organizational sustainability it is required to have a much effective and dedicated HR department in the organization. Recommendations There are little recommendations for the CEO of the first hospital for achieving an improved and effective organizational sustainability as well as human resource management: For having a different and strategic opinion and approach there must be employment of a HR expert from outside the hospital so that the issues can be resolved with an innovative and new approach. In the new and improved HR policies there must some additional benefits offered to the employees so that those policies can have a positive impact over the working of the employees and it can act as a motivation for them. There must be taken use of an approach of one-to-one discussion. This will help the employees in discussing their problems with the senior authorities. It will result into fast resolution of concern and increased employee engagement and dedication towards work (Alfes, ET AL., 2013). References Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., Soane, E. C. (2013). The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), 330-351. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Buyens, D., Verbrigghe, J. (2015). Adding Value and HRM Practice. InHuman Resource Management Practices(pp. 15-30). Springer International Publishing. Driessen, J., Settle, D., Potenziani, D., Tulenko, K., Kabocho, T., Wadembere, I. (2015). Understanding and valuing the broader health system benefits of Ugandas national Human Resources for Health Information System investment.Human resources for health,13(1), 1. Florea, L., Cheung, Y. H., Herndon, N. C. (2013). For all good reasons: Role of values in organizational sustainability.Journal of Business Ethics,114(3), 393-408. Katiyar, J., Khalid, A. (2014). Analysis of role of Performance Management in Human resource management and measures for its improvement.International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Sciences, (1). Marler, J. H., Fisher, S. L. (2013). An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,23(1), 18-36. Marsden, P., Caffrey, M., McCaffery, J. (2013). Human Resources Management Assessment Approach.Capacity Plus. Mowbray, P. K., Wilkinson, A., Tse, H. H. (2015). An integrative review of employee voice: identifying a common conceptualization and research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,17(3), 382-400. Salome, R., Douglas, M., Kimani, C., Stephen, M. (2014). Effects of Employee Engagement on Employee Retention in Micro-Finance Institutions.The International Journal of Business Management,2(4), 124. Subramaniam, B., Selvanayagam, J., Yogarajah, V. (2016). Impact of Recruitment and Selection, Training and Development, Performance Evaluation, and Compensation (HRM Practices) on Employees Trust. Van Buren III, H. J., Greenwood, M. (2013). Ethics and HRM education.Journal of Academic Ethics,11(1), 1-15.

Experiment practical Essay Example

Experiment practical Essay The experiment practical I am going to do is all about the determination of the solubility of calcium hydroxide. This can be found by titrating the saturated solution against a solution of an acid whose concentration you know. The acid whose concentration we know is hydrochloric acid.The calcium hydroxide will be in limewater and this will have to be diluted before used. These two solutions will react together and a colour change will occur. Calcium hydroxide dissolves only slightly in water to form an alkali solution.IntroductionA titration is when two solutions react together. It is a technique to find the concentration of unknown solution. It is a method of quantitative analysis. One solution, which has a known concentration, is filled into a burette and the second solution is placed in a conical flask. A solution of known concentration or known morality is called a standard solution. In each titration the solution with the unknown concentration is filled in the burette is added i n small measured quantities to the solution in the conical flask until just enough has been added for the reaction to be complete.The solution in the conical flask will have a fixed volume to start with until the solution in the burette is added to it and a visible colour change has occurred which means the two solutions have reacted together. Often an indicator is added to show when the reaction is finished to show the end point of a titration between an acid and an alkali an indicator can normally be used. The indicator can show when the base has been neutralised completely. Different indicators are suitable for different concentrations of strong and weak acids and alkali such as:* For a titration between a strong acid and a weak alkali = methyl orange is used as an indicator.* For a titration between a weak acid and strong alkali = phenolphthalein is used as an indicator.* For a titration between a strong acid and strong alkali = methyl orange or phenolphthalein is used.* For a t itration between a weak acid and a weak alkali no indicator is suitable = a pH meter, conductivity meter or temperature probe has to be used.An analysis involving a titration is sometimes called a volumetric analysis. Titrations have to be very accurate.A concentration is a measure of the amount of substance in a given volume of solution typically measured in mol dm.Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)In water calcium hydroxide form alkali solution, although they are not very soluble. Hydroxides can react with acids to form salts. A neutralising effect is used by farmers when they put lime- calcium hydroxide- on their field to neutralise soil acidity. This is done as if the soil is too acidic, most crops will not grow well.Hydrochloric acid (HCL)Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Hydrochloric acid is used to break our food into smaller molecules in our stomach. As it is a strong acid it has a much higher electrical conductivity then a weak acid, as more ions are present. It can react with met als, alkali, metal oxides, and metal carbonate and all of the reactions involve h ions. A 0.1 mol dm solution of strong acid such as hydrochloric acid has a pH value of 1.Method* Get all equipment ready to use, clean out all equipment with distilled water:- burette and burette stand- pipette and pipette filler- mini pipettes- volumetric flask- conical flask- distilled water- hydrochloric acid- limewater- methyl orange indicator* Set up burette stand with burette.* Use a pipette filler and pipette to transfer 25cm of hydrochloric acid solution into a volumetric flask.* Once it has been transferred to the 250cm volumetric flask, add distilled water up to 250cm so that the hydrochloric acid is diluted. Then transfer this diluted solution via the funnel to fill up the burette to 50cm ready to use.* Then use pipette filler and pipette to transfer 25cm of limewater containing calcium hydroxide to a 250 conical flask.* Then using a mini pipette add 3 drops of methyl orange indicator to the conical flask containing the limewater.* Then place the conical flask with a glass tile underneath it to see visible colour change under the burette.* Then slowly add in small quantities or drop by drop from the burette the hydrochloric acid solution from the burette until the indicator shows a change to a permanent pink colour.* This is the end point of the titration.* Record your reading on the burette as a rough one, then repeat 3 times and record results in a table.How to dilute and why to dilute:The hydrochloric acid has to be diluted in order for it to react effectively with calcium hydroxide. This is due to the concentration and volume of hydrochloric acid being too much so has to be diluted to become less. This can be done by diluting it with distilled water in a volumetric flask as 25cm will be filled will HCL and the rest 225cm with distilled water up top the 250cm mark.Number of titrations:First a rough titration will be done. The three more titrations will follow. These will be recorded in a table. The initial titration and average titration value will be calculated.Accuracy:When doing any titration you have to be very accurate in order to achieve the effective results. You must strictly follow out all instructions very carefully and measure all solutions out accurately. As if you make the hydrochloric acid too concentrated this can effect your titration results.Suitability:This is a very suitable and effective way to do and calculate a titration as is done this way all the time. It can show effective colour change.Risk assessment:Safety:Safety is very important when carrying out any practical experiment in the lab. Many general rules need to be followed in order to make sure we carry out our practical safelyGeneral rules:* Wear goggles at all time during the practical.* Wear lab coats to protect clothing.* If needed wear gloves.* Tie long hair back* Handle all glass equipment with care.Solutions:Calcium Hydroxide in lime waterCORROSIVE = causes b urns. Irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory system so do not inhale.AcidIf:What to do:ProtectionCalcium HydroxideswallowedWash out mouth. Seek medical attention.DONT BE SO STUPID!!!,, ,,Solution gets into eyesFlood the eye gently with water for 10 minutes. If needed seek medical attention.Be very careful when handling. Wear gloves.,, ,,If spilt on skin or clothesRemove contaminated clothing. If blistering or reddening occurs seek medical advice.Be very careful when changing. Wear gloves.,, ,,If spilt in laboratoryScoop up as much as you can into a bucket. Add water to contaminated area and add mineral absorbent.Stay well away from area where spilt. Wear eye protection and gloves.With water = the reaction with water is vigorous and generate heat.Hydrochloric AcidMay cause burns. The vapour is very irritating to the respiratory system.If:Protection:swallowedWash out mouth and take a glass of water.If vapour inhaledMove victim to fresh air to rest and seek medical attention if breat hing is at all effected.If liquid gets into eyesFlood eyes with water for 10 minutes. Seek medical attention if needed.If liquid spilt on skin or clothes.Flood water to effective area. Remove contaminated clothing. If blistering occurs seek medical attention.IndicatorNot really as harmful as other solutions but if any of the above happen take the same protection advice as above.Less harmful when put into diluted solution.Indicator going to use is methyl orange.Equipment ListAll the equipment that will be needed to carry out this practical experiment.EquipmentWhat used for/choice?buretteTo dilute calcium hydroxide and fill with. Accurate to used and can let solution drip bit by bit.Burette holder with funnelTo hold burette securely and funnel to pour solution through.Pipette with pipette fillerTo accurately measure out 25cm of solution needed and transfer using pipette holder to volumetric flask.Mini pipette (a few)To transfer solutions (3 drops of indication methyl orange) to where needed. Accurate and easy to use. Use a different pipette for each different solution.Conical flaskTo place under burette containing hydrochloric acid. Clear to easily see change of colour.Volumetric flaskTo dilute limewater in up to the mark.Indicator- methyl orangeTo add to hydrochloric acid. To show end point of titration.Distilled waterTo wash out equipment after every titration and to dilute limewater.Limewater containing calcium hydroxideAlkali solution in burette testing for its solubility and to find its concentration.Hydrochloric AcidTo place in conical flask and titrate against lime water containing calcium hydroxide.ANALYSISING EVIDENCE AND DRAWING CONCLUSION:RESULTS:titrationrough123Final burette reading19.0cm19.6cm20.0cm20.5 cmInitial burette reading0000titre19202021Average titration = 20+20+21=6161 by 3 = 20.3Calculating of diluted acidHydrochloric acid has to be diluted in order for it to react effectively with limewater.25cm = o.3 mol dmIt is diluted to 250 so then the concentration of the diluted hydrochloric acid becomes 0.03 mol dmCalculate the concentration of limewater solution:It takes 25cm of 0.03 of hydrochloric acid to nentralise 35 of calcium hydroxide.Step1Ca (OH) + 2HCL Cacl + 2H OShow how 1 mole of Ca(OH) reacts with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid.Step 2Find out how many moles of hydrochloric acid were used.We use 25cm of 0.03 mol dm of HCL.In 1cm of the solution we would have 0.031000 x 30 moles of HCLMOLES OF HCLNumber of moles in a solution = concentration x volume of solution in cm1000= 0.3 x 25cm1000 = 7.5 for 1 moleIn the balanced equation there is 4 moles of HCL which equals 7.5 x 4 = 30 molesstep 33025 x 30 moles = 0.36The concentration of calcium hydroxide is 0.36 mol dmEVALUATING EVIDENCE AND PROCESS ASSESMENTRELIABILTYOn general terms the experiment is reasonably reliable but in any titration there are errors or uncertainties related to the precision of the equipment used.The precision errors are as follows:- volumetric f laskWhen a 25o volumetric flask is filled correctly the bottom of the menicus rests on the calibration. The error is o.2 cm 0r 0.08%.Burette:One drop from the burette has a volume of approximately 0.05cm. an error in one drop of 50cm = 0.4%PipetteWhen a 25cm pipette is used correctly it is allowed ti drain and retain the last drop. The error is 0.06cm or 0.24%.Calculating the percentage errorPercentage error = error x 100ReadingVolumetric flask= 0.2 x 100250 =0.08Burette= 0.4 x 10050 = 0.8Pipette= o.o6 x 10025 = 0.24Procedural error can arise if your practical technique is not good. A good technique will involve:Method can be improved by:* the solution in the volumetric flask needs thorough mixing* all equipment should be washed out using distilled water* the end point of the titration can only be determined accurately if the solution from the burette is added drip by drop with swirling as the end point is reached.* When an indicator is used in a titration only the minimum number of drops is added each time.There was not really any anomalous result as all the 3 titrations done has very close and similar readingsThe titration was done 3 times to improve the reading of the experiment.Any additional titrations done after 3 times were not really necessary to ensure that the results were accurate.The overall accuracy and reliability of the evidence that the experiment supplied is reasonably accurate as the 2 solution did react together well and a noticeable colour change from a pale orange to a permanent pink was visible.Due to the percentage error in the experiment technique is could have resulted in maybe the readings being slightly lower then they really should have been.CourseworkSolubility of calcium hydroxideBy Sabina fareedReferencechemical ideas bookChemistry for you by lawrie ryanChemical ideas work sheets

(Ethics And Comunication) Reflection On Communication Article

(Ethics And Comunication) Reflection On Communication Article (Ethics And Comunication) Reflection On Communication – Article Example Reflection on Communication Email is a fundamental means of communication in the present age and is largely employed for exchanging words, ideas and important business information between two or more parties. It gives innumerable benefits over the alternative sources if information like fax or post in that it is not only cost effective, but is also a highly prestigious, sober and refined means of communication that maintains the secrecy and privacy of the communicating parties. Nevertheless, there are certain precautions that must be taken by using email for communication because wrong use of the options it provides an individual with for good may prove extremely detrimental for the individual’s personal and social life. Some of these precautions are discussed below:One should only reply to the email when one is in the right state of mind and is not overwhelmed with emotions because one can not retreat the message forwarded. Emotionally driven person may overestimate or undere stimate his abilities while writing the email which may expose him/her to potential threats. Using email for communication is not always a good idea. Some matters need to be discussed face-to-face. One should not expect the reply of an email to appear immediately as it is sent because the other party may not log in for a day or two or more. Urgent matters have to be discussed either on phone or in person. Email service provides its users with a â€Å"reply to all† option using which, an individual can forward a message to all people in the contact list with a single click. This is seldom a useful option but it may be availed unintentionally and inadvertently. In the latter case, the click can jeopardize an individual’s career and relationships. Email is an excellent means of communication but must be used with precaution in order to maximize the benefits and avoid the accidents.

Gender equality in news media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender equality in news media - Research Paper Example In the 21st century, this should not be given as an excuse to deny women the same important task handed to their male counterparts. According to Nitz et al (2007), the numbers of global activities that are very important have rapidly increased. The news cycle on most television continues to be politically heavy. In the theory, this could give women an opportunity also to work on the hard news stories since there is more to report. The paper was aimed to determine whether, with so many big stories to report, women are still being pushed to traditionally feminine, human-interest stories. Has the busy political field given them the opportunity to match their male counterpart in reporting hard news? The purpose of the research is to illustrate the major roles regarding news and media. The paper will inform the reader how the gender influences the news broadcasting and how this affects the public as well. The paper argument is that the task covered by male reporters differs from these covered by their female counterparts. In particular, the thesis argues that the male journalist covers hard stories while their female counterparts cover simple stories. The thesis also focuses on the disparities in dressing between the female and male counterpart reporters and its effect. Majority of the studies showed that women are considered less capable of relay in information than men are. This could be seen as background of considering that today more woman consume the news than men. The consumption of mass media continually this personal view. This could lead to the assumption that society will reinforce women with a lower public status than men as few women journalist are shown in the news coverage. Women have made tremendous achievements in breaking into the news business. Study show that fifty percent of the journalists are women. However, women face professional

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Sales and ethics - Essay Example Ethics in sales entail earning the trust of customers through disclosing all information pertaining to the goods and services. The trust should be based on honesty, commitment and credibility of the product information. Some of the unethical sales advertisements or promotions include wild claims that are misleading or unsubstantiated claims on the product suitability and benefits to the consumer (Pride and Ferrell 105). Ethics in sales require marketers to disclose the safety of the product information, the reasons for change in the ingredients, the additional benefits of the product and reasons for price differentiation (Pride and Ferrell 105). The sales person should ensure products are distributed in channels that offer maximum customer value and reduce the price of the goods. The marketer should provide channels that customers can use to make complaints on defective products and mechanisms of dealing with customer dissatisfaction (Pride and Ferrell 106). The marketers should also promote practices that safeguard the customer right to choice, and that are compliant to existing legal framework such as the duty to safeguard customer confidentiality and privacy of information. The economic price should reflect the beneficial use of the product and the costs of producing and offering the product for sale (Pride and Ferrell 106). Ethics comprise of the values that guide an individual in differentiating what is wrong or right. Ethics in sales requires marketers to desist from engaging in activities that are morally wrong and that may cause harm to the consumer such as misleading advertising, and unfair pricing. The marketers should also comply with the legal framework on consumer confidentiality and privacy and ensures that customers attain value for their use of the product or

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Management - Essay Example Competing values framework for psychological states defines appropriate behavior that has to be upheld during negotiations. During negotiations, there is the existence of conflicting cultures that may co-exist due to different characteristics of the management team (Drucker, 2012). This should be appropriately handled during negotiations. Refers to the mastery of the knowledge and skills required to enhance sustained success in the current changing business environment. This means that the leaders of the company in negotiations should carefully highlights and extensively consider the scope of competency they have. The leaders to be chosen during the negotiations should be having immense skills and experience needed to propel their respective companies to greater heights. This wills enhance their business competitiveness in the current times of stiff global competition. (Drucker, 2012). The agenda for personal leadership improvement helps the company to use small innovations that can be proven directly, to come up with products of higher quality faster. This will totally enhance customer advantage as they are currently asking for faster and higher quality products than ever before (Drucker,

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay Business process management is important for both existing and new businesses. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. It is a set of inter-related tasks that help companies maximize their present business processes and cope with future operational and organizational changes. An efficient business process saves and makes money for an organization. Workflow, in its very basic sense, is an implementation of the answers to the questions that arise in a business process. Workflow answers the questions, who? What? And When? in a business process. It is the movement of documents or tasks through a work process. Business process workflow management is an essential element in organizing a variety of business tasks and processes so that the business can be benefited as a whole. Workflow management systems range from the basic activities of a business to thousands of complex features. Workflow management helps business managers perform a lot of varying functions depending on the needs of the organization. Different businesses have different workflow management needs to perform varied functions for them. Some businesses need workflow management for organizing data available on the net; some need them for managing various business transactions whereas some need them for organizing and segregating all the documents of an enterprise. Workflow management is helpful to all kinds of business irrespective of their size. It helps them define and spot various processes that will help increase efficiency in the long run. Business process workflow management helps to define, create, execute and manage various processes within the organization itself and enhance business-to-business transactions to maximize productivity. It facilitates changes in the enterprise that are needed for its betterment and maximization of output and profits in the minimum time possible. 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Business process management journals play a key role in making businessmen aware of the prevailing business conditions and how to adapt to these changes by applying the right re-engineering and pro cess change projects. BPM journals are the premium channel for beginners, practitioners and researchers to acquire leading edge information related to current developments in BPM concepts, practices, tools and technologies. It is a helping aid for students studying BPM related areas and consultants who assist organizations in managing processes. They also provide useful articles that focus on quality and relevance. BPM journals provide information about developing business process management programs. They carry articles on a number of business activities that affect business efficiency and effectiveness. It provides information on integration and management of various activities that help in having an edge over the competitors. Occasionally, there exists a gap in understanding how to drive efficiency through a BPM approach even though one knows how to manage the various transactions. BPM journals help understanding the various BPM functions and helps filling up the gaps for true business performance. Some BPM journals provide insights into best practice management of key processes. These journals maintain a constant up date of all advancements made in the business field and illustrating the practical applicability of these through various case studies and examples. They also provide tips on how to manage business processes most effectively. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE SOLUTION Business process management focuses on the automation and standardization of existing and future business processes. BPM is the key to maximizing an organizations revenue, quality and respond to customers needs in real time by reducing business process problems. BPM tools and techniques have been steadily gaining in popularity and use in many companies. In todays global business environment, the need for automation of various business processes, continuous innovation and flexibility is turning many enterprises to go for BPM. BPM software helps in understanding and simplifying the complex process of business management. It helps in recognizing the various sources of inefficiencies in a company. There are a few key factors that have to be kept in mind while selecting BPM software. One of these factors is the extent of technical support provided by the vendor. To avoid any technical hassles at a later stage, it is essential to speak with the customer care center of the software company before choosing the BPM software solution. This should be done considering the needs and requirements of the business. BPM software that fits in with a companys business needs to be determined before choosing a BPM software solution. The same software does not suit all kinds of businesses. Familiarity with the software installed is of utmost importance. Sufficient time should be given to this activity of getting trained in using the software. BPM software with features that are not used is an absolute waste of resources and time because the main purpose of BPM software is using minimum time and money and maximizing profit in the long run. Several magazines and reviews are available online to give valuable information regarding BPM software solutions. BPM software offers advantages of flexibility and cost savings across all fields of business and ease of use in the business world today. The objective should be to ensure quick return on investment and potential for long-term growth. A GUIDE TO BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT Business Process Management (BPM) helps an organization in adapting to changing conditions in the market place so as to remain competitive. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. A well designed BPM system can help an enterprise run efficiently and effectively, move according to the companys regulations, and spot inefficiencies in the business activities and bottlenecks to the smooth flow of work. BPM systems help in recognizing certain situations that may pose trouble in the future. They enhance the overall quality and quantity of the various services and products being provided by the organization. BPM can be extremely useful to employees and top managers of an enterprise. It assists the top executives in monitoring business activities and employee productivity. It is helpful to the employees as it reduces their working hours. It also helps an organization in abiding by the governmental rules and regulations set for the business world. A good BPM helps an organization in avoiding the mistakes it has made in the past. It helps in business-to-business transactions. 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Arthur Miller Explores the Idea of Justice in A View From The Bridge :: English Literature

How does Arthur Miller explore the idea of justice in A View From The Bridge. The play ‘A View From The Bridge’ by Arthur Miller is set in the American Sicilian community of Red Hook, in Brooklyn. Community bonds and strong codes of justice are very important in the community. Betrayal of your family or your community is the worst crime you can commit. For instance the story of Vinny Bolzano that Eddie told to Catherine and Beatrice. The story that Eddie told Catherine and Beatrice was the story of Vinny Bolzano. It was about a boy aged about fourteen years old who told the police that his family were hiding his uncle, who was an illegal immigrant. When his family found out that it was Vinny who had told the police about the uncle they disowned him. The whole community turned against him. They even kicked and beat him. â€Å"grabbed him in the kitchen and pulled him down the stairs – three flights his head was bouncin’ like a coconut.† Not betraying your family was so important to Eddie as you would be going against the community codes and this was not done. If it were, the community would disown you. Honour and reputation are also very important to the community. Eddie says to Catherine â€Å"You can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word that you gave away.† Eddie is saying that once you have lost your reputation you will find it nearly impossible to get back. In the play the character Alfieri role is to act as the narrator and to move the play along in time. He knows what will happen in the play. For instance he knows that Eddie Carbone will be killed at some point within the play. He refers to this in his very first speech. â€Å"This ones name was Eddie Carbone† â€Å"and watched it run its bloody course.† When reading or watching the play you will know that Eddie will be killed some time within the play but you do not know when, this creates dramatic tension. So you’ll know that they wont be a happy ending but you’ll be curious as to how the play will end. He also makes lots of references to the law particularly in his first speech. â€Å"a lawyer means the law† â€Å"the law has not been friendly.† The second quote comes from Alfieri in his first speech and he is saying that in the community Red Hook, where he works, a lawyer is thought of as unlucky. This is because they are only connected with disaster. Because the community of Red Hook is a poor community and nobody has

Advantages and disadvantages of a motorcycle Essay

All over the world are millions of motorcycles. With different shapes, colors, and dimensions. This is a motor vehicle similar to a bicycle but usually larger and heavier, chiefly for one rider but some times having two saddles or an attached side car for passenger. Also a motorcycle is fun and very useful but also dangerous. Motorcycles have many advantages and disadvantages. First, one of the advantages of this kind of vehicle is the gas miles per gallon. Motorcycles have smaller engines so they consume less gas. Therefore, a regular motorcycle usually expends fifty-five miles per gallon. For example; if you ride daily ten miles, you have to fill the tank ones each with two or thee gallons of fuel. Second, another advantage is that motorcycles have more parking facilities. Bikes usually have more parking because they are less popular than cars and also smaller. For example; In my college are building a new parking garage but now a days there is no parking for cars, but there is parking for motorcycles. Third, the last advantage is the maintaining of a motorcycle. Maintaining a motorcycle is very inexpensive. Riders usually change the oil and fix the problems. Perhaps, this service is very inexpensive. Also, the parts of a motorcycle are less expensive than cars. Some bikes just cost the same as just the engine of a car. On the other hand, one of the disadvantages is the weather condition. Riders have to check the weather before the go out because this vehicle don’t have roof neither windows that can guard you from the water, iced, and high and low temperatures. Furthermore, another disadvantage is the storage space. Motorcycles cant moved big goods. They usually have small compartment that you can storage a backpack or some grocery bags. If you have to move a box or you did a huge shopping, you will need a car. Last but not least, motorcycles are dangerous. This vehicle doesn’t have safe systems like air bags or safety belt. Therefore, you are the bumper of the bike. Usually a motorcycle accident is dangerous than a car accident.. To sum up, motorcycles have advantages and disadvantages like good gas millage, more parking spaces and inexpensive maintenance otherwise they are dangerous, not weather proof and less storage facilities. In my personal opinion, I think that having a motorcycle is awesome but with respect and attention.

The Charge Of The Light Brigade Essays

The Charge Of The Light Brigade Essays The Charge Of The Light Brigade Paper The Charge Of The Light Brigade Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Alfred Tennyson and Siegfried Sassoon approach the subject of war in different ways. While Tennyson gives the impression that the soldiers who are mentioned in his poem are heroes, Sassoon does not try to glorify war and shows us the bloody realism of conflict. An important point to note is the date when Tennyson wrote The Charge Of The Light Brigade. It was written on April 10 1864; almost ten years after the actual battle took place. Tennyson understood that if he were to write it soon after the battle, people would not like it, as the morale of the nation would have been low after such a defeat. He was a popular poet of the time and swayed to public opinion, and releasing the poem straight after the war could damage his reputation. Sassoon did not have such a reputation to uphold and since he had served in the military during the war, he was able to give a first hand account of the shocking brutality of war. While the purpose of Tennysons poem would have been to raise public spirits, Sassoons was to educate the people about war and how terrible it was. The attitude in Tennysons poem is varied. He praises the soldiers for their bravery (Cannon to the right of them, Cannon to the left of them, and condemns those who did not fight, most notably the captains, and calls into question the military hierarchy (Someone had blunderd: Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die:). He does this subtly and avoids naming the captain who had blundered, as doing this could cause public uproar and he could be held responsible. Toward the end of the poem, particularly the last stanza, the attitude is very upbeat, almost as if they had won the battle (When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wonderd. Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred! ). In this stanza, the word wonderd is ambiguous. It could mean wondered, as at first glance it may seem to, or it could also mean amazed, depending on which way it is interpreted. With those six lines, he turns defeat into heroism, and makes the soldiers out to be heroes. Sassoons attitude is very downbeat, and he does not try to glorify things like Tennyson does in his final stanza. He gives an honest, brutal account of war and its consequences. The attitude is the same throughout, unlike the varying attitude in Tennysons. Tennyson tries to help the public understand the poem with the inclusion of a bible passage. In the first stanza, he writes Into the valley of Death. This is a quote from Psalms 23, and as many people were highly religious and attended church in Victorian times, including a bible phrase in the poem would help them to understand. Sassoons contains very little biblical reference, apart from a single crude reference at the very end (O Jesus, make it stop! ). This is probably because Sassoon made his poem easy to understand and unlike Tennysons poem, there are no cryptic or ambiguous phrases. Sassoon draws the reader into the battle, but it seems fairly linear compared to Tennysons. He uses the phrase Rode the six hundred three times, and this gives an impression of the grand scale of the battle. Another word that he repeats many times is Death. He uses it to make it seem inevitable that the soldiers are about to die, despite them battling bravely and standing up to gunfire (Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death). In Sassoons poem, he does not use the word at all but strongly hints that the same fate awaits the soldiers. There are many metaphors in Sassoons poem. He starts it with the ljne At dawn the ridge emerges massed and dun, which gives an impression of an enormous, intimidating ridge emerging from the darkness. It is a good metaphor to use and helps build up atmosphere at the start of the poem, as does the next line (In the wild purple of the glowring sun). The line The menacing scarred slope; and, one by one, Tanks creep and topple forward to the wire suggests that this is not the first battle but that it has been the scene of many battles before. The second part gives visions of these enormous machines peering out from over the top of the slope, coming toward the soldier clumsily. These are both effective lines and add to the atmosphere before the actual battle begins. Lines of grey, muttering faces, masked with fear, They leave their trenches, going over the top is an important line in the poem. It tells us that the soldiers are frozen with fear, as if emotionless because they know that they are soon to die. Going over the top is a common war phrase and people would instantly recognise this and understand what it means. The soldiers realise that they will die anyway so they charge over the top to fight the enemy. This is an important line in the poem, as it envisages just how brutal and shocking war can be. The final line of the poem (Flounders in mud. O Jesus, make it stop! ) tells us how the soldiers fall and struggle on the muddy battlefield, and the second part of the line makes the first part seem even more effective in expressing the soldiers desperation and torment. People at the time would have been angry that Sassoon had used Jesus name so casually because they were very religious in Victorian times. His finishing line is very different to Tennysons, who praises the soldiers and ends on an upbeat attitude. Sassoon does not glorify war at all. Although Tennyson does not use many metaphors, he uses other effects such as alliteration, repetition and anaphora to great effect. His first line (Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward) is anaphoric. He uses is to good effect and makes it sound like horses hooves clattering rhythmically on the ground. One instance where he uses repetition to good effect is in the fourth stanza (Cannon to the right of them, Cannon to the left of them, Cannon behind them). This tells us that they were surrounded, with nowhere to go but they fought on bravely and is very atmospheric. Also in the fourth stanza, which seems to be the main stanza describing battle, he writes Reeld from the sabre-stroke, Shatterd and sunderd. This is a good example of alliteration. He makes the soldiers seem down and out, shaken by the battle and with no energy left, only for them to ride heroically back into the valley. While he does not glorify war in any way, he celebrates the soldiers who died during the battle and turns their defeat into heroism.

veterinary shadow day essays

veterinary shadow day essays When I first arrived Lisa The girl that I shadowed told me that there was an emergency with one of the animals. It ended up that a one-year-old beagle ate an entire thing of metabolite, and then slowly started to die. The liver had shut down, and the heart rate was up to 300. Lisa told me that taking a thing of metabolite was like taking 50 cups of coffee at once. The owners of the beagle were there and bowling. The beagles name was Murry. Murry's body slowly was shutting down one thing after another. The owners made the decision the dog was going to be put to sleep. We got the dog ready to be taken out. They undid all the cords from the dog so they could take it to another room. I said goodbye to the dog, and then they took it into the other room so that the owners could be there when they put him to sleep. After that happened they then had to put a sleep a little hedgehog that had cancer on its mouth. We then did two regular checkups with one cat and with one dog. Tho se when great. After that we had a dog come in and it ended up having an affection that might end up killing it. I never heard the end result. The last thing that I did there was that a black lab had been bitten by another dog, and that dog ripped a hole in the neck of the black lab. The doctors had to perform surgery on the dog to close up the holes in the neck. They first had to clean it out with qutips. And blood stated to come out right then I was a little dizzy and I thought I was going to faint. But thank god I didnt. I saw a cat get dental work on it. And a cat get a bath and they had to blow dry it and brush the hair while it was a sleep. I thought that the work place environment was very clean and very professional. On my pictures on the poster it shows you that they even had a place for dogs to go in and a separate place for cats to go in they also have different waiting rooms for each of them. I could eas ...

EVALUATING CHILDHOOD OBESITY IN THE LONDON BOROUGH OF WESTMINSTER THE Essay

EVALUATING CHILDHOOD OBESITY IN THE LONDON BOROUGH OF WESTMINSTER THE MOST AFFECTED AREAS ARE THE SOUTH AND THE NORTHERN PART - Essay Example Although the borough is the third most prosperous, it has specific parts that are most affected by poverty and deprivation. High deprivation levels have been associated with high levels of obesity, and in Westminster, there is severe deprivation in the south and North West. The lower layer super output areas, which are about 14% of its neighbourhoods, are in the top 10% most deprived. Half of the population ho are classified as deprived come from Churchill, estbourne, Harrow Road, Queen’s Park, and Church Street. 24% of the children in Westminster live in severe poverty. This is due to various social and economic inequalities (Findlay, Yeowart & Kail, 2012). Westminster has the highest levels of obesity compared to all other boroughs with a level of 39.4%. This paper is an evaluation of childhood obesity in Westminster. It has described the determinants of childhood obesity in an urban setting which reflects the determinants in Westminster, the consequences of the condition, and strategies and interventions of management. Information obtained for the strategies and intervention in relation to determinants’ section informs the conclusion and recommendation. In 2006, the level of obesity in Westminster was already high. A third of the children were obese or overweight. 39 out of 40 primary schools in Westminster were assessed to find out the level of obesity among five-six year olds, and nine-ten year olds. Results showed that 18% of these children were obese; 32% were either overweight or obese, and 14% were overweight. The level of obesity was highest among children of six years, and that obesity level was still going up. Because of such findings schools initiated programs that were to ensure reduced obesity levels. These were; healthy eating and physical activity programs (GP News, 2006). In 2011, the obesity rates had gone up, with the boys being at a higher risk. Westminster had a

Google And Yahoo Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Google And Yahoo Case - Assignment Example The company provides services in digital experiences and content, across the world. In fact, Mayer is aiming to turn around the culture by implementing the physical presence of personnel to the success of design and digital innovation. This culture is already established in Google and Yahoo! is trying to build a similar culture (Schrage, 2013). She was brought in as the CEO of Yahoo! and successfully took over from Jerry Yang, one of the founder members of the organization. Organizational culture in Google and Yahoo! Google currently ranks among the top 100 companies which individuals would prefer to work with. The organizational culture in Google is similar to that of a start up venture wherein all individuals are encouraged to provide their valuable suggestions and notions. In fact, the firm believes that employees, in their free time should pursue their dream projects. It provides the employees a relaxed working environment and supports innovation. In order to gain competitive edg e it is essential for firms to innovate. Innovation facilitates and motivates firms to diversify and launch new products and services. In order to support a culture of organizational innovation, the company promotes diverse norms and values in the firm (Naranjo-Valencia, Jimenez-Jimenez & Sanz-Valle, 2011). The human resource team encourages and praises individual and team achievements by means of several awards functions, ceremonies and other creative fun activities. In fact the cafes and offices of this organization have been designed to support employee interactions across and within groups to impart organizational learning and enhance knowledge management (Google, 2013). Such kind of activities helps in building rapport... The approach to leadership and management in Yahoo! The above case study has tried to analyze the organizational culture in Yahoo! and Google and accordingly has found out the mediating role of culture on the approaches towards leadership and management. Culture is rooted in the minds of employees and transforming culture may be one of the most challenging approaches to leadership and management. This situation is highlighted in the case study of Yahoo!, when the new appointed CEO, Marissa Mayer is carrying out the challenging task to change the current laid back organizational culture in the firm. She is trying to build better rapport and interactions between employees and have already initiated the process to establish culture change. On the other hand, the approaches of the management and leadership under the expert guidance of its CEO, Larry Page has tried to imbibe certain organizational culture values and accordingly provide training and leadership options. The case study highlights the importance of transformational approach to leadership behaviour, building a culture of interaction and communication in the organization and applies the leader member exchange theory to ensure that goals and objectives are attained. On the other hand, the senior management team also tries to build in an environment of team building, employee engagement and motivation and thereby attain optimum levels of success in the organization.

Criminal Justice (in general) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Justice (in general) - Essay Example Criminal jutice i alway a goal. All involved in the arret, proecution, defene or judgment of a upect aim to be fair. However, thi goal i not alway met, accounting for the flexibility in the application of law, the change to law that are unfair, and the judiciary power of interpretation. (Banner, 99-111) A a field of tudy, mot who will work with part of the law that involve behavior defined a criminal, will tudy criminal jutice. Training and certification for police officer often i merely called criminal jutice. Lawyer with a pecial interet in either the proecution or defene of upected criminal may alo chooe to major in criminal jutice in a four-year degree program. Knowledge of the law, right and privilege of victim and upect i eential to aiming for jutice in both the court and law enforcement ytem. Thoe who have interet in training with the FBI or CIA may alo chooe to obtain a four-year degree in criminal jutice. uch a degree not only tudie the law a it tand, but a well evaluate the law. ubject in univeritie that offer a major in criminal jutice may be varied. They may include topic like forenic pychology, hitory of criminal jutice, ethic, and ociology. Police officer train pecifically on what power they have in relationhip to a upect, and what power they do not have. They learn how to legally adminiter criminal jutice in their capacity a law enforcement. They further train in the meaure of force, uch a hooting a gun or employing pepper pray that may be lawfully ued, and mut be ued with capability. A certain kill et in the apprehenion of an ecaping criminal i required. Mot hoping to work in law enforcement firt tudy criminal jutice and then attend pecial academie to receive further training. (Delfino and Mary, 88-334) Depite training, criminal jutice i not alway jut. There are great cop and terrible one, judge who are too trict, and thoe who are too lenient. There are alo very killed and exceptional lawyer, and very poorly organized lawyer. Many argue, in particular, that law in the U eem to be particularly unjut to minority population, ince they frequently have little money to pend on top lawyer. There are numerou example to cite of the mifiring of criminal jutice. There i alway room for improvement in thi field. Very many people continue to work toward the goal of true criminal jutice while continuing to exemplify fairne in thi field and it application. Eay Two The crie of innocent victim who are convicted and thrown into the dark cavernou prion cell are not being heeded. They cannot afford the type of lawyer needed that will fight to prove their innocence. The American jutice ytem i convoluted and broken, making it almot impoible to prove innocence in the face of circumtantial evidence. The character of the accued i put on trial to convict a peron rather than direct evidence. Direct evidence i often lacking; o, in it tead proecutor ue theorie and uppoition to help convict the accued. Jurie are convicting innocent repeatedly becaue they lack fundamental knowledge of the legal ytem and of the definition of key legal term and procee, and often hold antiquated belief ytem concerning confeion, eye witne identification and witne tetimonie. Aumption are made rather than fact being actually aimilated, correlated, and proved; thu, the innocent are convicted, incarcerated,

Educational circles Essay Example for Free

Educational circles Essay Lifelong education is a concept not to vague in today’s educational circles. It has been used in many different forms to promote a person’s pursuance to knowledge. It is claimed that life is education, practically speaking when you live you encounter deterrents or resistance in forms of challenges. It is normal for a person to face this situation, in here you will see that ones failure and challenges arise man’s normal tendency is to adapt and move on. Therefore learning and educating himself on the situation he/she has just experienced (Smith M. 1996). The issue that can be seen in pursuing further education is Man’s ability to absorb and effectively comprehending knowledge at a certain age. Man’s psyche changes as it progress deep into the application of his/her field or application. When the application stage of man kicks in he or she finds it difficult to learn new things because his/her paradigm is already stuck on its present state. That’s why preparation to a lifelong education is vital. It features a lot of difference between specializing. Specializing is done when man pursues and therefore encloses himself to a specific study. Not only that, he or she will be engrossed in its application, one reason for this is the field maybe his or her source of income. Examples are doctors, engineers, or architects who pursue to improve knowledge in their respective fields. The difference between lifelong learning and specialization is on it’s the width of its spectrum. A person pursuing a lifelong learning is more open he or she views mistakes as an opportunity of learning. A person pursuing specialization is not close minded but more coherent in their studies, and they usually have a rigid paradigm. The importance of differentiating lifelong learning and specialization is important. Creating standard studies on this topic will give students and educators a point of reference. This point of reference will assist our education system on integrating this to a learner’s life. Show them the advantages and disadvantages of pursuing one side to the other. Or even provide an evolvement study to at some proportion integrate the two different sides together. Reference: Smith M. (1996). Lifelong learning. http://www. infed. org/lifelonglearning/b-life. htm

The link between Social Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties

The link between Social Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties There is a continuous interest in the emerging body of literature to investigating the link between social, emotional and behaviour difficulties (SEBD) and speech, language and communication difficulties (SLCN). SEBD in children with SLCN is determined as a concern area of enquiry in recent years. The literature covers Education, Health and Social Disadvantage as its three major perspectives. This essay centers on primary school children with SEBD and SLCN, from an education perspective and it covers certain facts, co morbidities, and the causes from the literature in understanding the link between SEBD and SLCN. Finally, it highlights the need for further study (on this topic) by diverse professionals. history The word Social has been introduced to Emotional, Behavioural difficulties (EBD) in the year 1998. Nevertheless, children experiencing SEBD are considered with Special Educational Needs (SEN) by the Code of Practice, (2001). Social, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties (SEBD): refers to the three potential areas of developmental difficulty of a child: to understand, express, engage and acknowledge in a given context. Speech Language and Communication Needs (SLCN): refer mainly to Expressive (use of words and sentences, vocabulary and grammar broadly), Receptive (understanding the language and processing the information) and Pragmatic ( usage of language in a social context) language difficulties. Population study of children with SEBD and Communication Difficulties Nearly 71% of the children with SEBD are identified of having communication difficulties (Benner et al 2002). These studies were based on 26 papers on the link between SEBD and communication difficulties. In one of their studies, the overall mean of prevalence rate was found to be 63% in children with speech problems previously diagnosed in speech clinics and 46 % in children served in a variety of settings in general population. The research indicates the current estimation of prevalence in children with communication difficulties in  England and Wales is nearly 10% and also children with SEBD are inclined towards having communication difficulties (Law et al 2000). Children with receptive language impairments are at greater risk for developing SEBD (Beitchman et al., 1996). Approximately 3% of school children are having severe form of Attention Deficit Hyperacctive Disorder (ADHD) and are at high risk of anti-social behaviour as well as poor conduct. At least 10% of school age children are affected by motor or vocal tics, or a combination of both. Recent population studies estimate that  at least 1% of general population  of school age children are affected by a clinically handicapping Touretts syndrome. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder affects (1%) of school age children. They display obsessions and compulsions, which are considered as a neuropsychiatric disorder states Gillberg (2005). The study from the literature strongly indicates that the language impairment and social, emotional and behavioural difficulties are interlinked. (Cross, 2004). Co- morbidity of language impairment and SEBD Studies show that children  with SEBD have been studied for the co-occurrence of language difficulties where Benner (2002) finds 71% of the children being experiencing language difficulties significantly and other authors argue if it is due to a core neurological deficit. Botting and Conti-Ramsden (2000), has identified 40% of children with combined expressive and receptive language problems are most likely to experience behavioural problems and antisocial problems. Also Ripley and Yuill (2005) reported that expressive difficulties were linked to high level of emotional symptoms and tend to increase with the age of the child. Psychiatric Comorbidity: It is noticed that 42% of children who had speech or language difficulties at the age 5 had psychiatric disorder when diagnosed (Beitchman et al 1996). 30% of seven to eight year olds were determined as having difficulties of specific language impairments, on the total scale of the teacher completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire from both the special and mainstream schools (Lindsay and Dockrell, 2000). The ascertained percentage of children referring child psychiatric services for behavioural and emotional problems having unsuspected language impairment is 33% (Cohen et al, 1993). The prevalence from other studies also suggests that learning difficulties can account for high percentage of language problems in children with SEBD (Cross 2004). Estimation of concomitant prevalence of language deficits in children who exhibit anti-social behaviour is 10 times that of the general population (Donahue et al, 1994), also the strengths of relationship between language disorders and anti-social behaviour may increase throughout the life (Cantwell 1991).Henceforth, it is an established fact that a child with language difficulties is bound to have emotional and behavioural difficulties which further on have a tendency to rise. Characteristics: Children identified with SLCN may encounter and experience problems such as usage of vocabulary, understanding and recalling information, processing information, maintaining attention, following instructions by listening, taking part actively in various activities or joining in group discussions, relating to peers , memorizing specific vocabulary (SENCo Newsletter, 2010). Children with SEBD are more likely to be disruptive and disturbing, (they could be hyperactive, lack concentration, poor or immature social skills or personality disorders and quite a few exhibit challenging behaviours, mainly due to other complex special needs). This could be temporary or permanent which can become as a barrier towards their ability to learn as they experience restlessness, social withdrawal, poor attention and isolation according to Teacher Training Agencys National SEN Specialist Standards in 1999. Also these children are subjected towards low levels of self esteem, they lack in Regulating their emotions emotion regulation is a form of mental control states Parrot (2001). Developing social cognition which can lead on to failure in learning at school, as a result of emotional damage (Saarni, 1999). The fact is neither are they very different from their peers, nor do they fall particularly under a homogenous group; rather they can be considered on a continuum. In general, the disorders are based on DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, 1994). These disorders can be broadly divided as behavioural, emotional and developmental disorders. Other disorders include Developmental Disorders (like Autism seen as a Pervasive Developmental Disorder) and Reactive Attachment Disorder, Schizophrenia, eating disorder and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (Cross 2004). Heneker, (2005) postulates an interesting way when making a distinction of these disorders. First, the less-obvious disorders such as anxiety, school phobia, prolonged stress (due to various reasons such as transitions, communication difficulties, depression). Secondly, the well-known disorders such as, conduct disorders, hyperkinetic disorders. However, it is also possible that these disorders cover a wide range of abilities, including SLCN and some of the learning difficulties. Some of the causes and risk factors: Earlier, children experiencing difficulties with social interactions, bad conduct disorders, children exhibiting high levels of frustrations due to peer- rejections/maladjusted, aggressive behaviour or inappropriate behaviour in adjusting to school environment were regarded as abnormal and immature social cognition (Happe and Frith 1996). It is not what we think or feel but what we do that makes us maladjusted†¦.continued severity anxiety may get the better of people and induce them to take desperate ill-considered action which is against their interest but it is the action and not the anxiety which ranks as maladjusted. (Scott, 1982). Fortin and Bigras (1994)  claims that any of these below mentioned risk factors occur in isolation, addressing the complex interaction of the  factors  associated with  SEBD. The main factors being predisposing factor, child-based factors, contextual risk factors and also family-centered risk factors. They concluded that the accumulation of these factors increases the probability  that a child may develop SEBD. Interventions: Within primary schools, there has been a growing emphasis on interventions that can enable to bring difference in children identified with SEBD and also SLCN, with the aim of promoting the childs learning and development and level of school achievement. By introducing the storytelling intervention program called The Big Book of Storysharing by Peacey (2009), has demonstrated in bringing up a positive change while prioritizing on communication and sharing personal stories amongst primary school children from both mainstream and special schools. The purpose of this project is to develop social skills, language and communication skills. It has promoted positive attitudes and narrative skills. Children from special school were able to use words or signs, gaze eye contact while speaking, joining in narration by listening and telling stories, whereas the children from mainstream perceived to be more confident and gained pleasure in narrating stories which shows the effectiveness of the project. PALS a program to develop Social Skills for children. It emphasis and aims towards building confidence in children and participate actively in social contexts. The main purpose of this program is to teach social skills such as listening, sharing, taking turns, dealing with feelings of fear,  coping up with frustration, dealing with emotions effectively, etc. It is accepted by early childhood psychologists and NSW (New South Wales, Australia) that it reduces the problem behaviour and increases social skills significantly in children. It also indicates that children with internal behavioural difficulties (withdrawn, shyness, anxiousness, passivity) lack in communication skills which again has a significant effect in developing their social skills at schools and finally has an impact of low level of school achievement (Cooper, 2002). Henker (2005) proposed an individualized intervention for the children at a pre referral unit (PRU) who are identified for a specific communication need to ameliorate their skills such as: vocabulary, social skills and speech, grammar. It has been noticed that children were able to show improvement in one or more area, where they were attending this speech and language therapy weekly or twice a week. Evaluating staff questionnaires suggests that improvement has been obtained by the children with communication needs. Explanations of Intervention Programs: Peacey (2009) conceives that this project can demonstrate well if a named person from each school takes in charge to mediate with other members of the staff to motivate and repeat or retell the stories for the children. The second factor is to assure the age group of children has to be well chosen. Also this project did not demonstrate to be an effective one in measuring childrens specific difference in their usage of language on the standardized assessments for the children who were at the early stage of language development and have showed only minor improvements as they were experiencing learning difficulties. However, it consists of certain drawbacks. When the children were assessed in the areas such as, attention, impulse control and flexibility; it fails to identify and explain the gain of attention at both mainstream as well as special schools and it could not control impulses of all the children. It is time consuming (for the preparation of the project towards discussing obje ctives with the members for their participation and affirmation). Overall, the project has been identified for a positive outcome of making progress with the story telling skills where children enjoyed and valued their experiences and also it has established the concept of inclusion in both of the school cultures. The graph of the success rate indicates that PALS effectiveness is more on the age group ranging preschool children when compared to primary school aged group of children. Cooper (2002), states that social skills interventions work less effective for primary school aged children and on the other hand it works more effectively for preschoolers. Explanation from literature: Today in United Kingdom the government is providing the opportunity to the primary school teachers in various ways to provide better services to the children. For example, a SENCO training enables a class room teacher in understanding the different areas of difficulties experiencing by a child can play a vital role with the support of specific frameworks. There are other professionals from the local authorities to liaise with in supporting children with special needs including children with social, emotional behavioural difficulties as well as speech, language and communication needs. A large portion of children (with 50 % or more) are entering primary schools with low language levels and 5-7% of children from general population are identified with SLCN. Limited usage of language can oppose making relationships with peers at school and which can also lead to behavioural problems in the future (SENCo Newsletter, 2010). Evaluations and limitations: There are certain limitations to study the link between SEBD and SLCN. It is not always possible to identify language difficulties in children with other learning difficulties as research suggests that children with language difficulties may have underlying cognitive processing delays (Beitchman et al 1998; Torgeson, 1998). Instruments currently available for measuring underlying cognitive process are less technically adequate than instruments designed to assess language development or academic achievement (Beitchman, et al 1998). Often a communication difficulty can be interpreted differently as a behavioural difficulty in some cases (for example, a child who is unable to convey a message to his friend while playing can behave in a noncompliant and aggressive way). In contrast a behavioural difficulty can be interpreted differently when the other person is aware of the communication difficulty or need of that particular child. Language difficulties lead on to substantially high risk of anti-social behaviour. Receptive language difficulties not only go undetected but have adverse negative behaviour and have a profound affect on vital relationships throughout ones life span. Benner (2000). These children  tend to face a significant or high  risk  in attaining school achievement. On the other hand, most of the parents are unwilling to accept the fact that they are in need of help with regards to their childrens behavioural problems and look for help when they find and realize the situation, at a high risk. It is true that the response towards intervention programs is less when the behavioural problems are at an advanced stage. Parow (2009). Previous reviews of literature examined that relation between on wide range of antisocial behaviour and communication difficulties but very little of previous study or reviews focused specifically on Language skills of children identified with emotional, behavioural difficulties. This suggest the need for investigation in understanding the link between SEBD and SLCN by diverse participants. Conclusion: The Special Educational Needs (SEN) graph in England indicates the percentage level of children with SEBD inclines gradually with their age from primary school, whereas the SLCN tends to decline as the child grows. (Cross, 2009). There are substantial amounts of documented associations between behavioural difficulties and language and a large ratio of children with BESD have an underlying language problem. Expressive language difficulties are very apparent, but other language impairments can be harder to detect; a receptive language difficulty could easily be missed as it most often gets considered as a learning difficulty. Nevertheless the relationship is unclear in identifying the primary difficulty in decision making clinically and it is not appropriate for the population of children where language difficulties are unidentified / unsuspected previously. The need to find how language structure emerges through varied time frames is crucial for the current researchers. Therefore, the research indicates the need to encourage diverse participants for further research. In addition to public sectors of educational, health and social service or charity organizations rather include clinical psychologists, community developers, epidemiologists, medics, etc. should be involved. Note: This essay consist of 2,519 words only excluding references.