Experiment practical Essay Example

Experiment practical Essay The experiment practical I am going to do is all about the determination of the solubility of calcium hydroxide. This can be found by titrating the saturated solution against a solution of an acid whose concentration you know. The acid whose concentration we know is hydrochloric acid.The calcium hydroxide will be in limewater and this will have to be diluted before used. These two solutions will react together and a colour change will occur. Calcium hydroxide dissolves only slightly in water to form an alkali solution.IntroductionA titration is when two solutions react together. It is a technique to find the concentration of unknown solution. It is a method of quantitative analysis. One solution, which has a known concentration, is filled into a burette and the second solution is placed in a conical flask. A solution of known concentration or known morality is called a standard solution. In each titration the solution with the unknown concentration is filled in the burette is added i n small measured quantities to the solution in the conical flask until just enough has been added for the reaction to be complete.The solution in the conical flask will have a fixed volume to start with until the solution in the burette is added to it and a visible colour change has occurred which means the two solutions have reacted together. Often an indicator is added to show when the reaction is finished to show the end point of a titration between an acid and an alkali an indicator can normally be used. The indicator can show when the base has been neutralised completely. Different indicators are suitable for different concentrations of strong and weak acids and alkali such as:* For a titration between a strong acid and a weak alkali = methyl orange is used as an indicator.* For a titration between a weak acid and strong alkali = phenolphthalein is used as an indicator.* For a titration between a strong acid and strong alkali = methyl orange or phenolphthalein is used.* For a t itration between a weak acid and a weak alkali no indicator is suitable = a pH meter, conductivity meter or temperature probe has to be used.An analysis involving a titration is sometimes called a volumetric analysis. Titrations have to be very accurate.A concentration is a measure of the amount of substance in a given volume of solution typically measured in mol dm.Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)In water calcium hydroxide form alkali solution, although they are not very soluble. Hydroxides can react with acids to form salts. A neutralising effect is used by farmers when they put lime- calcium hydroxide- on their field to neutralise soil acidity. This is done as if the soil is too acidic, most crops will not grow well.Hydrochloric acid (HCL)Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Hydrochloric acid is used to break our food into smaller molecules in our stomach. As it is a strong acid it has a much higher electrical conductivity then a weak acid, as more ions are present. It can react with met als, alkali, metal oxides, and metal carbonate and all of the reactions involve h ions. A 0.1 mol dm solution of strong acid such as hydrochloric acid has a pH value of 1.Method* Get all equipment ready to use, clean out all equipment with distilled water:- burette and burette stand- pipette and pipette filler- mini pipettes- volumetric flask- conical flask- distilled water- hydrochloric acid- limewater- methyl orange indicator* Set up burette stand with burette.* Use a pipette filler and pipette to transfer 25cm of hydrochloric acid solution into a volumetric flask.* Once it has been transferred to the 250cm volumetric flask, add distilled water up to 250cm so that the hydrochloric acid is diluted. Then transfer this diluted solution via the funnel to fill up the burette to 50cm ready to use.* Then use pipette filler and pipette to transfer 25cm of limewater containing calcium hydroxide to a 250 conical flask.* Then using a mini pipette add 3 drops of methyl orange indicator to the conical flask containing the limewater.* Then place the conical flask with a glass tile underneath it to see visible colour change under the burette.* Then slowly add in small quantities or drop by drop from the burette the hydrochloric acid solution from the burette until the indicator shows a change to a permanent pink colour.* This is the end point of the titration.* Record your reading on the burette as a rough one, then repeat 3 times and record results in a table.How to dilute and why to dilute:The hydrochloric acid has to be diluted in order for it to react effectively with calcium hydroxide. This is due to the concentration and volume of hydrochloric acid being too much so has to be diluted to become less. This can be done by diluting it with distilled water in a volumetric flask as 25cm will be filled will HCL and the rest 225cm with distilled water up top the 250cm mark.Number of titrations:First a rough titration will be done. The three more titrations will follow. These will be recorded in a table. The initial titration and average titration value will be calculated.Accuracy:When doing any titration you have to be very accurate in order to achieve the effective results. You must strictly follow out all instructions very carefully and measure all solutions out accurately. As if you make the hydrochloric acid too concentrated this can effect your titration results.Suitability:This is a very suitable and effective way to do and calculate a titration as is done this way all the time. It can show effective colour change.Risk assessment:Safety:Safety is very important when carrying out any practical experiment in the lab. Many general rules need to be followed in order to make sure we carry out our practical safelyGeneral rules:* Wear goggles at all time during the practical.* Wear lab coats to protect clothing.* If needed wear gloves.* Tie long hair back* Handle all glass equipment with care.Solutions:Calcium Hydroxide in lime waterCORROSIVE = causes b urns. Irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory system so do not inhale.AcidIf:What to do:ProtectionCalcium HydroxideswallowedWash out mouth. Seek medical attention.DONT BE SO STUPID!!!,, ,,Solution gets into eyesFlood the eye gently with water for 10 minutes. If needed seek medical attention.Be very careful when handling. Wear gloves.,, ,,If spilt on skin or clothesRemove contaminated clothing. If blistering or reddening occurs seek medical advice.Be very careful when changing. Wear gloves.,, ,,If spilt in laboratoryScoop up as much as you can into a bucket. Add water to contaminated area and add mineral absorbent.Stay well away from area where spilt. Wear eye protection and gloves.With water = the reaction with water is vigorous and generate heat.Hydrochloric AcidMay cause burns. The vapour is very irritating to the respiratory system.If:Protection:swallowedWash out mouth and take a glass of water.If vapour inhaledMove victim to fresh air to rest and seek medical attention if breat hing is at all effected.If liquid gets into eyesFlood eyes with water for 10 minutes. Seek medical attention if needed.If liquid spilt on skin or clothes.Flood water to effective area. Remove contaminated clothing. If blistering occurs seek medical attention.IndicatorNot really as harmful as other solutions but if any of the above happen take the same protection advice as above.Less harmful when put into diluted solution.Indicator going to use is methyl orange.Equipment ListAll the equipment that will be needed to carry out this practical experiment.EquipmentWhat used for/choice?buretteTo dilute calcium hydroxide and fill with. Accurate to used and can let solution drip bit by bit.Burette holder with funnelTo hold burette securely and funnel to pour solution through.Pipette with pipette fillerTo accurately measure out 25cm of solution needed and transfer using pipette holder to volumetric flask.Mini pipette (a few)To transfer solutions (3 drops of indication methyl orange) to where needed. Accurate and easy to use. Use a different pipette for each different solution.Conical flaskTo place under burette containing hydrochloric acid. Clear to easily see change of colour.Volumetric flaskTo dilute limewater in up to the mark.Indicator- methyl orangeTo add to hydrochloric acid. To show end point of titration.Distilled waterTo wash out equipment after every titration and to dilute limewater.Limewater containing calcium hydroxideAlkali solution in burette testing for its solubility and to find its concentration.Hydrochloric AcidTo place in conical flask and titrate against lime water containing calcium hydroxide.ANALYSISING EVIDENCE AND DRAWING CONCLUSION:RESULTS:titrationrough123Final burette reading19.0cm19.6cm20.0cm20.5 cmInitial burette reading0000titre19202021Average titration = 20+20+21=6161 by 3 = 20.3Calculating of diluted acidHydrochloric acid has to be diluted in order for it to react effectively with limewater.25cm = o.3 mol dmIt is diluted to 250 so then the concentration of the diluted hydrochloric acid becomes 0.03 mol dmCalculate the concentration of limewater solution:It takes 25cm of 0.03 of hydrochloric acid to nentralise 35 of calcium hydroxide.Step1Ca (OH) + 2HCL Cacl + 2H OShow how 1 mole of Ca(OH) reacts with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid.Step 2Find out how many moles of hydrochloric acid were used.We use 25cm of 0.03 mol dm of HCL.In 1cm of the solution we would have 0.031000 x 30 moles of HCLMOLES OF HCLNumber of moles in a solution = concentration x volume of solution in cm1000= 0.3 x 25cm1000 = 7.5 for 1 moleIn the balanced equation there is 4 moles of HCL which equals 7.5 x 4 = 30 molesstep 33025 x 30 moles = 0.36The concentration of calcium hydroxide is 0.36 mol dmEVALUATING EVIDENCE AND PROCESS ASSESMENTRELIABILTYOn general terms the experiment is reasonably reliable but in any titration there are errors or uncertainties related to the precision of the equipment used.The precision errors are as follows:- volumetric f laskWhen a 25o volumetric flask is filled correctly the bottom of the menicus rests on the calibration. The error is o.2 cm 0r 0.08%.Burette:One drop from the burette has a volume of approximately 0.05cm. an error in one drop of 50cm = 0.4%PipetteWhen a 25cm pipette is used correctly it is allowed ti drain and retain the last drop. The error is 0.06cm or 0.24%.Calculating the percentage errorPercentage error = error x 100ReadingVolumetric flask= 0.2 x 100250 =0.08Burette= 0.4 x 10050 = 0.8Pipette= o.o6 x 10025 = 0.24Procedural error can arise if your practical technique is not good. A good technique will involve:Method can be improved by:* the solution in the volumetric flask needs thorough mixing* all equipment should be washed out using distilled water* the end point of the titration can only be determined accurately if the solution from the burette is added drip by drop with swirling as the end point is reached.* When an indicator is used in a titration only the minimum number of drops is added each time.There was not really any anomalous result as all the 3 titrations done has very close and similar readingsThe titration was done 3 times to improve the reading of the experiment.Any additional titrations done after 3 times were not really necessary to ensure that the results were accurate.The overall accuracy and reliability of the evidence that the experiment supplied is reasonably accurate as the 2 solution did react together well and a noticeable colour change from a pale orange to a permanent pink was visible.Due to the percentage error in the experiment technique is could have resulted in maybe the readings being slightly lower then they really should have been.CourseworkSolubility of calcium hydroxideBy Sabina fareedReferencechemical ideas bookChemistry for you by lawrie ryanChemical ideas work sheets

(Ethics And Comunication) Reflection On Communication Article

(Ethics And Comunication) Reflection On Communication Article (Ethics And Comunication) Reflection On Communication – Article Example Reflection on Communication Email is a fundamental means of communication in the present age and is largely employed for exchanging words, ideas and important business information between two or more parties. It gives innumerable benefits over the alternative sources if information like fax or post in that it is not only cost effective, but is also a highly prestigious, sober and refined means of communication that maintains the secrecy and privacy of the communicating parties. Nevertheless, there are certain precautions that must be taken by using email for communication because wrong use of the options it provides an individual with for good may prove extremely detrimental for the individual’s personal and social life. Some of these precautions are discussed below:One should only reply to the email when one is in the right state of mind and is not overwhelmed with emotions because one can not retreat the message forwarded. Emotionally driven person may overestimate or undere stimate his abilities while writing the email which may expose him/her to potential threats. Using email for communication is not always a good idea. Some matters need to be discussed face-to-face. One should not expect the reply of an email to appear immediately as it is sent because the other party may not log in for a day or two or more. Urgent matters have to be discussed either on phone or in person. Email service provides its users with a â€Å"reply to all† option using which, an individual can forward a message to all people in the contact list with a single click. This is seldom a useful option but it may be availed unintentionally and inadvertently. In the latter case, the click can jeopardize an individual’s career and relationships. Email is an excellent means of communication but must be used with precaution in order to maximize the benefits and avoid the accidents.

Gender equality in news media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender equality in news media - Research Paper Example In the 21st century, this should not be given as an excuse to deny women the same important task handed to their male counterparts. According to Nitz et al (2007), the numbers of global activities that are very important have rapidly increased. The news cycle on most television continues to be politically heavy. In the theory, this could give women an opportunity also to work on the hard news stories since there is more to report. The paper was aimed to determine whether, with so many big stories to report, women are still being pushed to traditionally feminine, human-interest stories. Has the busy political field given them the opportunity to match their male counterpart in reporting hard news? The purpose of the research is to illustrate the major roles regarding news and media. The paper will inform the reader how the gender influences the news broadcasting and how this affects the public as well. The paper argument is that the task covered by male reporters differs from these covered by their female counterparts. In particular, the thesis argues that the male journalist covers hard stories while their female counterparts cover simple stories. The thesis also focuses on the disparities in dressing between the female and male counterpart reporters and its effect. Majority of the studies showed that women are considered less capable of relay in information than men are. This could be seen as background of considering that today more woman consume the news than men. The consumption of mass media continually this personal view. This could lead to the assumption that society will reinforce women with a lower public status than men as few women journalist are shown in the news coverage. Women have made tremendous achievements in breaking into the news business. Study show that fifty percent of the journalists are women. However, women face professional

Sales and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sales and ethics - Essay Example Ethics in sales entail earning the trust of customers through disclosing all information pertaining to the goods and services. The trust should be based on honesty, commitment and credibility of the product information. Some of the unethical sales advertisements or promotions include wild claims that are misleading or unsubstantiated claims on the product suitability and benefits to the consumer (Pride and Ferrell 105). Ethics in sales require marketers to disclose the safety of the product information, the reasons for change in the ingredients, the additional benefits of the product and reasons for price differentiation (Pride and Ferrell 105). The sales person should ensure products are distributed in channels that offer maximum customer value and reduce the price of the goods. The marketer should provide channels that customers can use to make complaints on defective products and mechanisms of dealing with customer dissatisfaction (Pride and Ferrell 106). The marketers should also promote practices that safeguard the customer right to choice, and that are compliant to existing legal framework such as the duty to safeguard customer confidentiality and privacy of information. The economic price should reflect the beneficial use of the product and the costs of producing and offering the product for sale (Pride and Ferrell 106). Ethics comprise of the values that guide an individual in differentiating what is wrong or right. Ethics in sales requires marketers to desist from engaging in activities that are morally wrong and that may cause harm to the consumer such as misleading advertising, and unfair pricing. The marketers should also comply with the legal framework on consumer confidentiality and privacy and ensures that customers attain value for their use of the product or

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Management - Essay Example Competing values framework for psychological states defines appropriate behavior that has to be upheld during negotiations. During negotiations, there is the existence of conflicting cultures that may co-exist due to different characteristics of the management team (Drucker, 2012). This should be appropriately handled during negotiations. Refers to the mastery of the knowledge and skills required to enhance sustained success in the current changing business environment. This means that the leaders of the company in negotiations should carefully highlights and extensively consider the scope of competency they have. The leaders to be chosen during the negotiations should be having immense skills and experience needed to propel their respective companies to greater heights. This wills enhance their business competitiveness in the current times of stiff global competition. (Drucker, 2012). The agenda for personal leadership improvement helps the company to use small innovations that can be proven directly, to come up with products of higher quality faster. This will totally enhance customer advantage as they are currently asking for faster and higher quality products than ever before (Drucker,

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay Business process management is important for both existing and new businesses. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. It is a set of inter-related tasks that help companies maximize their present business processes and cope with future operational and organizational changes. An efficient business process saves and makes money for an organization. Workflow, in its very basic sense, is an implementation of the answers to the questions that arise in a business process. Workflow answers the questions, who? What? And When? in a business process. It is the movement of documents or tasks through a work process. Business process workflow management is an essential element in organizing a variety of business tasks and processes so that the business can be benefited as a whole. Workflow management systems range from the basic activities of a business to thousands of complex features. Workflow management helps business managers perform a lot of varying functions depending on the needs of the organization. Different businesses have different workflow management needs to perform varied functions for them. Some businesses need workflow management for organizing data available on the net; some need them for managing various business transactions whereas some need them for organizing and segregating all the documents of an enterprise. Workflow management is helpful to all kinds of business irrespective of their size. It helps them define and spot various processes that will help increase efficiency in the long run. Business process workflow management helps to define, create, execute and manage various processes within the organization itself and enhance business-to-business transactions to maximize productivity. It facilitates changes in the enterprise that are needed for its betterment and maximization of output and profits in the minimum time possible. It also helps an organization in spotting existing inefficiencies by keeping a constant check on their employees productivity. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT JOURNALS Business process management is implemented to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an enterprise by automating its business processes. The key factor involved in choosing a BPM solution is to choose one that will fit the organization in all situations, as conditions governing a business tend to change with fluctuations in market conditions. It is not feasible for an organization to change its BPM as and when situations change. Business re-engineering can mean serious trouble especially when applied by people who do not understand it. There are examples of thousands of organizations that were running into losses but subsequently, achieved remarkable profits due to well-managed BPM projects. The key to the success of these companies lay in applying BPM to their key business processes. Business process management journals play a key role in making businessmen aware of the prevailing business conditions and how to adapt to these changes by applying the right re-engineering and pro cess change projects. BPM journals are the premium channel for beginners, practitioners and researchers to acquire leading edge information related to current developments in BPM concepts, practices, tools and technologies. It is a helping aid for students studying BPM related areas and consultants who assist organizations in managing processes. They also provide useful articles that focus on quality and relevance. BPM journals provide information about developing business process management programs. They carry articles on a number of business activities that affect business efficiency and effectiveness. It provides information on integration and management of various activities that help in having an edge over the competitors. Occasionally, there exists a gap in understanding how to drive efficiency through a BPM approach even though one knows how to manage the various transactions. BPM journals help understanding the various BPM functions and helps filling up the gaps for true business performance. Some BPM journals provide insights into best practice management of key processes. These journals maintain a constant up date of all advancements made in the business field and illustrating the practical applicability of these through various case studies and examples. They also provide tips on how to manage business processes most effectively. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE SOLUTION Business process management focuses on the automation and standardization of existing and future business processes. BPM is the key to maximizing an organizations revenue, quality and respond to customers needs in real time by reducing business process problems. BPM tools and techniques have been steadily gaining in popularity and use in many companies. In todays global business environment, the need for automation of various business processes, continuous innovation and flexibility is turning many enterprises to go for BPM. BPM software helps in understanding and simplifying the complex process of business management. It helps in recognizing the various sources of inefficiencies in a company. There are a few key factors that have to be kept in mind while selecting BPM software. One of these factors is the extent of technical support provided by the vendor. To avoid any technical hassles at a later stage, it is essential to speak with the customer care center of the software company before choosing the BPM software solution. This should be done considering the needs and requirements of the business. BPM software that fits in with a companys business needs to be determined before choosing a BPM software solution. The same software does not suit all kinds of businesses. Familiarity with the software installed is of utmost importance. Sufficient time should be given to this activity of getting trained in using the software. BPM software with features that are not used is an absolute waste of resources and time because the main purpose of BPM software is using minimum time and money and maximizing profit in the long run. Several magazines and reviews are available online to give valuable information regarding BPM software solutions. BPM software offers advantages of flexibility and cost savings across all fields of business and ease of use in the business world today. The objective should be to ensure quick return on investment and potential for long-term growth. A GUIDE TO BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT Business Process Management (BPM) helps an organization in adapting to changing conditions in the market place so as to remain competitive. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. A well designed BPM system can help an enterprise run efficiently and effectively, move according to the companys regulations, and spot inefficiencies in the business activities and bottlenecks to the smooth flow of work. BPM systems help in recognizing certain situations that may pose trouble in the future. They enhance the overall quality and quantity of the various services and products being provided by the organization. BPM can be extremely useful to employees and top managers of an enterprise. It assists the top executives in monitoring business activities and employee productivity. It is helpful to the employees as it reduces their working hours. It also helps an organization in abiding by the governmental rules and regulations set for the business world. A good BPM helps an organization in avoiding the mistakes it has made in the past. It helps in business-to-business transactions. There are a lot of BPM guides available which can direct an enterprise towards the right choice of BPM so that it can make maximum use of all the benefits of BPM. These guides help in understanding various BPM systems that can be employed according to the needs and requirements of different companies. It shows how maximum profits can be obtained out of limited resources. The changing situation of business is the key factor to be considered while choosing a BPM system. BPM system should be useful in all situations, which affect the business. This is because the system cannot be changed as when the market conditions change. The efficiency of the company would be adversely affected if BPM systems were not changed in accordance with changing circumstances. BPM technologies increase an enterprises potential to offer quality services to its valued customers at the least cost. .

Arthur Miller Explores the Idea of Justice in A View From The Bridge :: English Literature

How does Arthur Miller explore the idea of justice in A View From The Bridge. The play ‘A View From The Bridge’ by Arthur Miller is set in the American Sicilian community of Red Hook, in Brooklyn. Community bonds and strong codes of justice are very important in the community. Betrayal of your family or your community is the worst crime you can commit. For instance the story of Vinny Bolzano that Eddie told to Catherine and Beatrice. The story that Eddie told Catherine and Beatrice was the story of Vinny Bolzano. It was about a boy aged about fourteen years old who told the police that his family were hiding his uncle, who was an illegal immigrant. When his family found out that it was Vinny who had told the police about the uncle they disowned him. The whole community turned against him. They even kicked and beat him. â€Å"grabbed him in the kitchen and pulled him down the stairs – three flights his head was bouncin’ like a coconut.† Not betraying your family was so important to Eddie as you would be going against the community codes and this was not done. If it were, the community would disown you. Honour and reputation are also very important to the community. Eddie says to Catherine â€Å"You can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word that you gave away.† Eddie is saying that once you have lost your reputation you will find it nearly impossible to get back. In the play the character Alfieri role is to act as the narrator and to move the play along in time. He knows what will happen in the play. For instance he knows that Eddie Carbone will be killed at some point within the play. He refers to this in his very first speech. â€Å"This ones name was Eddie Carbone† â€Å"and watched it run its bloody course.† When reading or watching the play you will know that Eddie will be killed some time within the play but you do not know when, this creates dramatic tension. So you’ll know that they wont be a happy ending but you’ll be curious as to how the play will end. He also makes lots of references to the law particularly in his first speech. â€Å"a lawyer means the law† â€Å"the law has not been friendly.† The second quote comes from Alfieri in his first speech and he is saying that in the community Red Hook, where he works, a lawyer is thought of as unlucky. This is because they are only connected with disaster. Because the community of Red Hook is a poor community and nobody has